<p style="LINE-HEIGHT: 3em"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; FONT-SIZE: 20px">&nbsp;</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">来源:北大法律信息网</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">近几十年来,伴随着人类法制文明的进程,世界各国都在不断进行刑罚制度的创新,尝试用最有效、最人道、最文明的方式处理犯罪和犯罪人。社区矫正就是在这样的背景下诞生的一种对犯罪人的新的处遇方式。从国际社会的发展趋势来看,刑罚制度已经从以监禁刑为主的阶段进入以非监禁刑为主的阶段。在许多国家,适用社区矫正的人数大大超过监禁人数,社区矫正取得了良好的社会效果。社区矫正制度以其降低行刑成本和有效改造罪犯等多方面的优势,也开始受到我国刑事法理论界和司法实务界的关注。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2003</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">7</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">月,最高人民法院、最高人民检察院、公安部、司法部联合发布《关于开展社区矫正试点工作的通知》(以下简称《通知》),并正式确定北京、天津、上海、江苏、浙江、山东作为我国社区矫正的试点省市。社区矫正试点工作的大力展开对我国刑罚制度的改革具有重大意义。我国社会结构的转型,市民社会的壮大及社区建设的蓬勃发展,都为大力发展社区矫正提供了现实基础。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">①</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">目前,我国的社区矫正制度还处于初步试点阶段,推行社区矫正的配套制度方面还很不完善,这也呼唤着与社区矫正相关的法律法规的改革乃至社区矫正专门立法的出台。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">②</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">国家已经把社区矫正这一刑罚制度的改革列入了议程。近几年,学者们对社区矫正制度中的重要理论问题进行了积极探索,发表了</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">100</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">余篇学术论文,还出版了几部全面研究社区矫正制度的专著。本文尝试对近几年来理论界在社区矫正制度研究主要是社区矫正立法问题方面的研究成果进行简要总结,以明确目前我国学界在社区矫正立法问题研究方面已经取得的成果以及仍然存在的争议,以有助于对此问题的进一步探索。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">一、社区矫正立法的模式</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">社区矫正的立法模式,由于关系到社区矫正立法与其他重要相关法律法规的协调,是学者们关注较多但争议较大的问题。目前,理论界主要存在三种观点:</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(一)制定社区矫正的专门法律——《中华人民共和国社区矫正法》。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">在社区矫正立法模式的问题上,主张制定专门的矫正法典的学者相对较多。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">③</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">如有学者认为,应制定《中华人民共和国社区矫正法》,对社区矫正的性质、方式、内容、程序、机构设置、人员编制、经费、矫正对象的权利义务等作出明确规定,为社区矫正提供完备的法律依据。在此基础上,进一步完成社区矫正法的相关配套措施,制定社区矫正法实施条例;实现社区矫正工作的各个方面、各个环节的规范化、法制化;应当多层次、多渠道的开展工作,为社区矫正的立法而努力。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">④</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有学者强调,由于对制定全国性社区矫正法律的要求很高,条件不可能很快成熟,可以考虑首先加强地方性社区矫正法规的制定与完善工作。应当根据社区矫正试点工作中遇到的问题和总结的经验,不断完善这些规范性文件,在条件成熟时按照《中华人民共和国立法法》的规定,将它们制定为地方性法规。走“先地方、后中央”的立法道路,用地方立法推动全国性的立法,可能会加快全国性立法的进程。有鉴于此,当前非常有必要在试点省市制定地方性的社区矫正法规。这样不仅可避免太大的差异,而且立法的时间也可以大大缩短,从而避免在国家的社区矫正法正式颁布以前由于社区矫正执法活动中出现一些无法可依的问题,影响社区矫正试点工作的健康发展。即使将来全国制定统一的社区矫正法规,也应该是比较原则的规定,各省市仍需要制定自己的地方性法规。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑤</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(二)制定统一的刑事执行法典</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有些学者主张制定统一的刑事执行法典,将社区矫正纳入其中。如有学者认为应制定一部统一的《刑事执行法》,将社区矫正的内容纳入其中,这样有利于提升刑事执行立法的整体地位,促进狱内行刑与狱外行刑的一体化;另外,应适时修改刑法和刑事诉讼法,完善有关社区刑罚的实体和程序方面的内容,为社区矫正的实践运作提供一体化的立法保障。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑥</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有学者认为,在未来,社区矫正必将形成与监狱矫正或者监禁矫正相并行的行刑系统。从一些国家社区矫正机构和系统的发展来看,社区矫正机构是与监狱机构并行发展的,而且从监管的罪犯人数来说,许多国家中社区矫正系统监管的罪犯人数已经大大超过了监狱系统。因此,作为调整罪犯社区矫正工作的法律,社区矫正立法起码应当具有和监狱法同等的地位。作为近期的立法目标,可以把社区矫正立法作为一种与监狱立法并行的法律形式,制定出与监狱立法具有同等地位的社区矫正法。从长远发展来看,应当将监狱法、社区矫正法以及其他相关内容加以整合,制定出一部统一的刑事执行法,使之成为与《刑法》、《刑事诉讼法》并行的一部刑事基本法律。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑦</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(三)制定一部专门的《矫正法典》</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有个别学者认为,制定专门的社区矫正法和制定统一的刑事执行法典的方案都存在一定缺陷,建议通过广义的社区矫正概念,将社区矫正的对象扩展到劳动教养人员、未成年收容教养人员以及刑满解教安置帮教人员,以更充分地体现综合治理犯罪的思想和社区矫正的价值。为了使整个矫正工作统一、协调,应当创制包含监禁与非监禁方式,对所有违法犯罪人员予以惩戒与矫正的中华人民共和国矫正法。论者还对《矫正法》的内容和结构进行了初步构想。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑧</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">二、社区矫正立法的原则</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">我国的社区矫正还处于试点阶段,目前尚没有系统的有关社区矫正的立法。社区矫正的立法原则问题是涉及到社区矫正立法及社区矫正健康发展的根本问题,有必要结合目前社区矫正试点工作在理论上予以深入探讨,以为将来社区矫正立法提供重要的理论参考和指导。从近几年发表的论文来看,学者们对目前进行社区矫正试点工作的原则给予了较多关注</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑨</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,而对社区矫正的立法原则探讨相对较少。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有学者认为,制定新的社区矫正法应当坚持相对开放和灵活的原则。我国社区矫正由于起步较晚,矫正的实践领域有限,现有的矫正制度多是单维度、单层面的,但这也意味着其有更广阔的发展空间。我们对社区矫正的定性可以宽泛一些,定性太精确、概念太具体反倒不利于社区矫正的发展。社区矫正立法构架应是立体的,包括纵向和横向两个方面。纵向即意味着社区矫正立法不能仅仅着眼于目前,应有时空上的延展性,矫正类型和内容应该丰富多元,即使由于现实制约不能一步到位,也应为今后发展预留空间,允许新的矫正类型和方式介入;横向上则应促进以社区矫正立法为中心的相关法律制度的建设,如缓刑制度、假释制度、缓刑官制度、志愿者制度等一系列与社区矫正相关配套、必须通过法律加以规范的制度,从而确立一个体系化的、与矫正有关的多元而不是单一的法律制度。我们不能因为目前的局限就制定一部局促的法,而应致力于一个相对开放的、活的矫正法律体系的建立。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑩</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有学者强调需要在刑事一体化视野中考虑社区矫正的运作与立法问题。该学者认为,社区矫正制度同刑事一体化思想具有诸多内在关联</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">社区矫正是刑事一体化思想的实体展开。社区矫正的发展</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">绝不仅仅意味着一种刑罚执行方式的改进</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">而涉及到深层次的刑法观念的变化、刑事政策的调整、刑事立法的完善乃至刑事司法权力的重构等。因此</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">需要用刑事一体化思路研究社区矫正的理论基础与实践运作</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">在社区矫正的立法问题上,要考虑狱内行刑和狱外行刑的一体化,对涉及刑事执行的法律进行统筹;同时对刑法和刑事诉讼法进行适时修改,完善有关社区矫正的实体和程序内容,为社区矫正的实践运作提供一体化的立法保障。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[11]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">三、社区矫正的性质</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">社区矫正在立法上的性质是社区矫正立法中不能回避的一个重要问题。对于我国社区矫正的性质,学者之间尚没有达成共识,主要存在以下几种观点:</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(一)非监禁刑刑罚执行活动</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">多数学者依据《通知》的规定以及社区矫正与监禁刑执行相对比所体现的特点,认为社区矫正的性质应当是非监禁刑刑罚执行活动。如有学者认为,社区矫正不是一个刑种,而是一种不使罪犯与社会相隔离并利用社会资源教育改造罪犯的方法,是所有在社区环境中管理教育罪犯方式的总称。它是指将符合社区矫正条件的罪犯置于社区内,由专门的国家机关在相关社会团体和民间组织以及社会志愿者的协助下,在判决、裁定或决定确定的期限内,矫正其犯罪心理和行为恶习,并促其顺利回归社会的非监禁刑刑罚执行活动。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[12]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有学者认为,社区矫正是非监禁的或者暂缓监禁的刑罚执行方式。按照是否监禁服刑人为标准,罪犯矫正分为监禁矫正、社区矫正两部分。社区矫正是罪犯改造工作的重要组成部分,是有条件地将部分罪行较轻或已经经过一定期限的监禁教育,改造表现较好,解除监禁不致再危害社会的罪犯实行的行刑措施。为此,可以将社区矫正的基本含义概括为:由专门机构负责,组织社区力量,对符合在非监禁条件下接受矫正的罪犯实施刑罚的活动。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[13]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(二)一种综合性的与监禁处遇相对的非监禁处遇方式(社区处遇措施)</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有学者认为,从国外的法律研究来看,社区矫正的概念本身就表明了它是替代监狱的一种矫正制度,落脚点是通过不将罪犯关押进监狱的非监禁方式来监管与矫正罪犯,令其更顺利地回归社会。由于各国社区矫正的适用范围不同,其属性又或多或少的包含了刑罚执行、保安处分的内容成分。我国有些地方的规定认为社区矫正是由社区组织实施的针对非监禁刑罪犯的刑罚执行活动,主要是依据刑法和刑诉法明确规定的</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">5</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">种对象所包含的刑事内容而言的,同时亦是从刑事执行的广义理解上的把握。这种认定从我国目前较狭窄的社区矫正工作范围而言是正确的,但从社区矫正的应有之义和全球化方向——非犯罪化、非刑罚化、非刑罪化而言,则不尽合适。在提倡非监禁措施、行刑社会化的理论思潮和改革运动中,社区矫正已经突破起初单纯监禁替代措施的局限,融合刑罚自身性质与行刑方式于一体,甚至在某种程度上已超出了刑种和刑罚执行方法的范畴。同时此种认定本身也存在问题:一是</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">5</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">种对象范围不全都是非监禁刑。并且,如果将假释、监外执行和缓刑与管制、剥夺政治权利不加区分地认定为非监禁刑,对这</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">5</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">种对象全部按刑罚方法对待,就会出现执行过程中必须体现刑罚天然属性——最严厉惩罚的内容,从而与设置这些制度给人以出路的初衷南辕北辙。二是社区矫正不仅是刑罚执行活动,而且是对非监禁措施的监督管理活动,更是一种对被采用非监禁措施的罪犯予以矫正、培训和安置帮教的活动,具有矫正和社会福利、社会保障性。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[14]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(三)社区矫正是刑种、量刑和行刑制度的结合</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有学者认为,社区矫正应当是首先由审判机关或者其他机关决定对犯罪人适用,然后将犯罪人安置在社区中进行监督和控制等活动的综合性措施、方法或者制度。如果没有审判机关或者其他机关的决定,社区矫正就不可能合法地产生。同时,如果不将犯罪人安置在社区中进行矫正,在这些措施、方法或者制度的执行过程中缺乏社区参与的环节,也不能将它们称之为社区矫正。例如,一次性缴纳完毕的罚金刑,就不属于严格意义上的社区矫正。在社区矫正五种类型中,管制和剥夺政治权利是刑种,缓刑是量刑制度,暂予监外执行和假释是行刑制度。因此,可以说,对社区矫正的性质的完整表述应当是,社区矫正是刑种、量刑与行刑制度相结合,但是偏重于执行的一种综合性措施、方法或者制度。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[15]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(四)社区矫正是行刑场所。</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有个别学者认为,在我国现行法律框架内,从严格意义上讲,社区矫正既不是刑罚种类,也不是刑罚执行方式,而是指行刑场所。现行《刑法》第三章中并没有出现“社区矫正”的表述规定,所以,“社区矫正”不是刑罚种类。现行《刑法》、《刑事诉讼法》、《监狱法》三部法典中均没有社区矫正的规定。如果说刑罚是源概念,那么刑罚执行方式就是上游概念,刑罚执行场所就是中游概念,社区矫正是下游概念。从法理上讲,判决的刑罚必须要执行,执行方式有常规执行方式、变更执行方式两种,而执行方式必然引出执行场所,这是行刑必不可少的空间环境。从刑事法律规定、刑事司法实践上看,拘役、有期徒刑、无期徒刑、死缓是在封闭式的场所——监狱执行的,管制是在开放式场所——社区执行的;作为常规行刑方式的变更执行方式,缓刑、假释、监外执行将刑罚的执行场所由封闭的监狱变更为开放的社区。可见,在我国的刑事法律、刑事司法实践中,社区矫正定性是在行刑场所的层面上,属于社区矫正的初级形式范畴。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[16]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">①</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见周国强、孙国瑾:《论我国刑法适用模式的调整》,载《江苏科技大学学报(社科版)》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">3</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期;廖斌、何显兵著:《社区建设与犯罪防控》,人民法院出版社</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2003</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年版,第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">29</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">—</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">34</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">页。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">②</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">如有论者认为,我国目前的社区矫正制度存在的主要问题有:(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">1</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)现行法律规定的社区矫正种类太少,在缓刑、假释、监外执行等的对象及适用条件限制上也比较苛刻;(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)社区矫正的适用数量太少;(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">3</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)工作机制方面缺乏专门的社区矫正执行机关和人员。我国目前在立法、司法到执行的各个环节上严重依赖监禁刑,不重视社区矫正,忽视非监禁刑,社区矫正适用率始终相当低,因而造成了一系列消极的影响和后果:一是监狱在押犯爆满,监狱拥挤问题非常严重,给监狱的管理、犯人的教育等带来巨大困难;二是行刑成本非常沉重;三是行刑效果不理想。参见郭建安:《社区矫正制度:改革与完善》,载《刑事法评论》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">14</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">卷,中国政法大学出版社</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年版,第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">317</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">—</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">319</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">页;段金贤等:《社区矫正制度运行中存在的问题及其对策研究》,载《河南司法警官职业学院学报》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">1</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">③</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见周步青:《试论我国开展社区矫正的正当根据及现实目标》,载《浙江工商大学学报》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">5</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期;刘强:《社区矫正:借鉴与创新》,载《刑事法评论》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年的</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">14</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">卷,中国政法大学出版社</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年版,第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">354</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">—</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">360</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">页;曹云飞等:《试论我国的社区矫正》,载《上海公安高等专科学校学报》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">3</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">④</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见王珏:《关于社区矫正试点工作的几点思考》,载《中国司法》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">1</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑤</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见刘强:《社区矫正:借鉴与创新》,载《刑事法评论》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年的</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">14</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">卷,中国政法大学出版社</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年版,第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">354</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">—</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">356</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">页。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑥</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见冯卫国、储槐植:《刑事一体化视野中的社区矫正》,载《吉林大学社会科学学报》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑦</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见吴宗宪:《关于社区矫正若干问题思考》,载《中国司法》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">7</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑧</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见王顺安:《社区矫正的立法建议》,载《中国司法》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑨</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有学者认为,创立具有中国特色的社区矫正试点工作,应坚持以下原则:(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">1</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)依法规范原则;(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)积极稳妥原则;(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">3</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)各部门协调配合原则;(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">4</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)大胆改革创新原则;(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">5</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)矫正为本原则;(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">6</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)充分利用社区资源原则;(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">7</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)与监狱改造相结合原则。参见章恩友、刘恒志:《开展中国特色社区矫正工作的思考》,载《中国监狱学刊》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">1</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期;王珏:《关于社区矫正试点工作的几点思考》,载《中国司法》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">1</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑩</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见刘守芬、王琪、叶慧娟:《社区矫正立法化研究》,载《吉林大学社会科学学报》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[11] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见冯卫国、储槐植:《刑事一体化视野中的社区矫正》,载《吉林大学社会科学学报》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[12] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见王珏:《关于社区矫正试点工作的几点思考》,载《中国司法》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">1</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期;康树华:《社区矫正的历史、现状与重大理论价值》,载《法学杂志》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2003</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">9</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[13] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见汤啸天:《社区矫正试点与矫正质量的提高》,载《当代法学》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">4</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[14] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见王顺安:《社区矫正的法律问题》,载《政法论坛》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">3</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期;刘守芬、王琪、叶慧娟:《社区矫正立法化研究》,载《吉林大学社会科学学报》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[15] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见郭建安等主编:《社区矫正通论》,法律出版社</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年版,第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">68</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">—</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">69</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">页。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[16] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见王志亮、王俊莉:《关于我国社区矫正制度的思考》,载《中国司法》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">12</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">四、社区矫正的管理体制和工作人员</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">社区矫正的管理体制涉及到社区矫正机构与社区矫正工作人员等方面的内容,直接关系到社区矫正的具体实施和健康稳定发展。学者们对现行社区矫正的管理体制和工作人员配备问题给予了深入分析,提出了具有建设性的意见。</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(一)社区矫正的管理体制</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">学者们普遍认为,目前社区矫正试点中的管理体制存在很大的缺陷,需要从多方面加以改革和完善。有学者对我国社区矫正试点中的管理体制存在的弊病进行了深入检讨,认为目前的管理体制总体上弊大于利。学者认为,我国社区矫正试点中管理体制方面的弊端主要表现为:(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">1</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)忽视了社区矫正的刑事执法性质。目前试点中具体负责的执行街道、乡镇司法所和基层司、处、科系列不是国家的刑事执法机关,其人员也缺乏刑事执法方面的专业知识。另外,《通知》将刑事执法的主体扩大到基层司法所,形成了对《刑法》、《刑事诉讼法》的事实上的修改,有违《立法法》的规定。(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)社区矫正是一个专业性、法律性很强的工作,基层司法所的工作任务本来已经十分繁重,再赋予其社区矫正的任务,不但令其无法承当,且势必影响其专业化管理的程度。(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">3</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)司法所的现状难以胜任这一任务。目前基层司法所存在着管理体制不顺、基础设施薄弱、工作力量不足以及队伍素质相对较低的种种问题,不足以承担社区矫正这一重要任务。(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">4</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)公安和司法行政机关共同管理社区矫正,易造成相互扯皮,效率低下。(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">5</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)社区矫正与监狱工作相脱离,也有违大多数国家的惯例。产生以上弊病的主要原因是确定试点的管理体制时缺乏深入调研和充分论证,在社区矫正的试点中不敢打破现有法律框架大胆借鉴和创新,实事求是地制定出一套全新的适合我国国情的有关社区矫正的法律制度。基于以上认识,学者对我国社区矫正的管理体制设计提出了自己的构想:(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">1</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)在省、市、自治区司法厅</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">局</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">设立刑事执行局</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">即将原来监狱管理局的工作管理职能进一步扩大</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">包括社区矫正。从我国监狱管理的成功经验和国外的相关实践来看</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">不必以社区执行的种类来划分下属管理部门</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">而应按照工作的性质加以划分。这样分工</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">在一定程度上更加有利于进行专业化的管理。(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)从试点情况看</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">在市县区一级设立社区矫正的行政管理机构</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">往往并不能有效地对下面的工作进行帮助和指导</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">反而给基层工作增加了较多的压力和负担。建议在市、区、县一级不设立社区矫正的行政管理机构</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">而只设立社区矫正的实体工作机构</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">如社区矫正工作站等。社区矫正应以省、直辖市、自治区为单位采取垂直领导</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">以条为主以块为辅</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">的模式。根据垂直管理的要求</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">社区矫正工作者宜采取由省、直辖市刑事执法管理部门直接派出</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">如省、市的刑事执行局在区或县派出社区矫正工作站</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">工作站向下属的街道或乡镇派出社区矫正工作者</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">根据工作量的多少决定派出人员的数量。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">①</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有学者主张设置专门的审判机构来决定社区矫正的适用。该论者认为,作为社区矫正决定机关的人民法院是能起到社区矫正规模控制作用的阀门。但是,如此重要的工作环节却没有专门的审判机构。刑庭法官的裁判职责过于沉重,致使法官疲于应付。应当设置专门的审理和裁决有关社区矫正案件的审判机构——法院或法庭或分法庭,设置专门的法官,专司其职,并肩负社区矫正适用案件的跟踪考察与全程控制的职责。由此形成法院与社区矫正机关相互配合,彼此制约的矫正决定与执行机制。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">②</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">关于社区矫正的执行权,多数学者认为建立专门的社区矫正机构是社区矫正健康发展的前提,主张将社区矫正执行权交由司法行政机关统一行使。如有学者认为,目前社区矫正试点中的执行主体和工作主体相分离的行刑模式只能是过渡性的。为适应社区矫正的需要,就要改革这种刑罚执行权能的分配格局,理顺刑罚执行活动的运行机制:一方面,公安机关执行刑罚有违“分工负责、相互制约、相互配合”这一现代刑事司法活动的基本原则。另一方面,刑罚权是国家基于统治权依法对犯罪人实行刑罚惩罚和改造的权力。制刑权属于立法机关,量刑权归于审判机关,而行刑权则应归属于司法行政机关,这才符合法治国家的立法、行政和司法之间的制衡关系。因此,需要修改刑法、刑事诉讼法及有关规定,将社区矫正的非监禁刑罚执行权授予司法行政机关,以利于司法行政机关统一行使行刑权,理顺刑罚执行的运行机制,充分发挥刑罚执行的功能。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">③</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(二)社区矫正的工作人员</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">学者们大多认为,在我国社区矫正的发展过程中,应当形成专业人员、准专业人员和志愿人员相结合的工作人员队伍。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">④</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">如有学者认为,社区矫正执行中的“专业人员”,就是社区矫正执行机关中的正式工作人员。他们应当属于国家公务员,主要承担社区矫正中的执法工作,包括办理法律手续、对社区矫正对象实行监督和控制等。“准专业人员”是指接受过一定的正规训练、领取薪水、承担正规的义务和责任并在一定时间内开展矫正工作的人员。这类人员不是社区矫正执行机关的正式工作人员,没有公务员身份,但是,他们受过正规训练,按照合同为社区矫正执行机关工作。“志愿人员”是指无偿为社区矫正工作提供服务的社区居民。可以通过多种方式物色合适的社区居民担任社区矫正的志愿人员,并且通过开展培训、提供津贴、给予荣誉等方式,调动他们的工作积极性。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑤</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">许多学者强调在社区矫正工作人员资格考核方面应掌握严格标准,建立一支专业化的高素质队伍。如有学者认为,社区矫正工作必须要有专业人员作为骨干(如监狱局向各区县派驻监狱警察),在基层实际操作的人员无论是另行招聘或指派居(村)民委员会成员担任都必须严把人员素质关。试点期间一是应当明确社区矫正工作的基本条件,公开准入资格的限制;二是明确考核办法和上岗手续;三是明确社区矫正志愿者的招募条件和办法,本着宁缺毋滥的原则,从制度上保证社区矫正工作人员的素质。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑥</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">另外,关于社区矫正在试点阶段是否应允许各省市有不同的试点模式的问题,有学者认为,中央一级可不必给试点省市确定一个具体模式,只需确定一个基本原则。试点的目的是为了借鉴国外的经验,结合我国的实际选择一个最佳方案,只有各省市根据各自的实际情况选择适当的管理模式进行不同的尝试,才能发现不同模式的利弊。另外,社区矫正的基础是在社区,工作的好坏与各地社区的关系更加密切,因此更需要结合当地的实际情况具体摸索。经过一段时间的摸索,通过对各种模式的利弊分析,可以为建立具有中国特色的社区矫正制度积累丰富的经验。目前世界各国的社区矫正模式以及一个国家中各地的社区矫正模式都有很大的差别,因此,应考虑给予地方一定的灵活性。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑦</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">五、社区矫正的对象</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">当前我国社区矫正试点中的矫正适用对象是按照《通知》要求确定的五类人员,即被判处管制的、被宣告缓刑的、被暂予监外执行的、被裁定假释的、被剥夺政治权利并在社会上服刑的人员。对社区矫正的适用对象问题,理论界近几年已经进行了比较多的关注,对社区矫正的适用对象进行了分析,提出了若干扩大适用对象范围的改革建议,并对不同对象的处遇方式的差别给予了探讨。</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">我国目前社区矫正对象范围过于狭窄,是社区矫正发展中一个明显的瓶颈问题。针对此一问题,有学者认为,应当修改缓刑、假释和监外执行的适用条件,扩大社区矫正的对象范围。具体主张如:(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">1</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)适当放宽缓刑条件中有期徒刑的上限标准。(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)适当缩短假释条件中已实际执行刑罚的期限,并对被判处有期徒刑的累犯以及因杀人、爆炸、强奸、绑架等暴力性犯罪被判处</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">10</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年以上有期徒刑的犯罪分子执行原判刑期的</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2/3</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">以上,被判处无期徒刑的累犯以及杀人、爆炸、强奸、绑架等暴力性犯罪分子实际执行</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">20</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年以上的,应规定可以假释。(</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">3</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">)对老残犯和精神病犯扩大适用监外执行。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑧</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有学者强调,社区矫正中针对不同类型的对象应采用具有针对性的矫正措施。罪犯虽都因犯罪而被判刑改造,但由于他们的罪行轻重、主观恶性大小、及个性、身体状况和所处的环境等都存在差异,在行刑过程中,也要根据罪犯反社会性消长情况适当地调整刑罚,或改变受刑人的处遇。不仅如此,对社区矫正的对象还要通过个别化矫治,进一步提高矫治的实际效果。这就需要对社区矫治的罪犯进行评估、区别问题采用不同的对策措施,并注意在矫治资源分配上突出重点。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑨</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">还有学者建议在社区矫正中应采用“累进处遇”制度。累进处遇制是将判决宣告的刑期分为几个阶段,依照受刑人改善的程度,逐渐由下级进到上级,随着级别的递增,逐渐缓和其处遇,以鼓励受刑人改过自新,使其适合于社会生活的行刑制度。传统的累进处遇只是在监狱内适用,但是由于社区矫正与监禁矫正具有同质性,累进处遇也可以用于社区矫正中。对社区服刑人员,应分为从严管理、普通管理、从宽管理三个等级进行矫正,每一等级的管理对象与处遇要有所区分。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑩</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">还有学者认为,在适用社区矫正时应对未成年人给予适当倾斜,如在假释适用条件及考验期等方面予以放宽。基于未成年人的生理和心理特点,并借鉴国外相关先进经验,有必要为未成年犯建立一个专门的、合理有效的社区矫正项目体系。未成年犯的社区矫正体系应当具有阶梯形结构:第一阶梯,教育性和非监管性的社区矫正项目;第二阶梯,不限制人身自由的监管性社区矫正项目;第三阶梯,限制人身自由的监管性社区矫正项目。三个阶梯是动态的流动系统,可以给社区矫正中违规的未成年犯一个有层次性的制裁选择。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[11]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">此外,还有学者提出从长远看刑释人员和解教人员也应当纳入社区矫正机制的观点。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[12]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">六、完善社区矫正制度涉及的相关制度改革</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">我国社区矫正的实施与发展涉及到一些既有制度的改革与完善问题。目前如管制、缓刑、假释等有关制度的规定已经极大地制约了社区矫正的适用和发展,对这些制度如何配合社区矫正的实施来进行改革和完善,一直是近几年来学者们关心的重点问题之一。学者们对此进行了探讨,提出了若干改革建议。</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(一)管制刑的改革问题</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">学者们多认为管制刑的刑罚强度不够和期限过短都影响了其实施效果。如有学者认为,目前管制刑适用的最大问题是立法规定的刑罚强度不够,执行内容较为虚泛,缺乏刑罚的可感性,难以对罪犯造成应有的心理压力。为此,在管制刑的义务配置中应引入赔偿受害人、参加公益劳动、缴纳一定数量的保证金等内容。同时,建议建立管制刑易科拘役刑制度,以增大管制刑可期待的惩罚威慑力。此外,应当扩大管制刑的适用范围。凡是刑法分则条文有规定的,优先选择适用管制刑,尤其对未成年犯、老年犯、初犯、过失犯等犯罪情节轻微、主观恶性不大的犯罪人,适用的法定刑幅度在三年以下有期徒刑的,都可以选择适用管制刑。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[13]</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">还有学者认为,管制刑的期限太短,不利于扩大管制刑的适用范围,也不利于对管制刑罪犯的管理教育。如果适当增加管制的期限,就可以扩大管制刑的适用对象和范围,将罪行稍重但主观恶性不大、社会危害性较轻的罪行纳入适用管制刑的范围。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[14]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">另有学者主张将管制刑改造成为社区服务刑,对轻微犯罪者适用。为了管制不至于逐渐名存实亡,使其在借鉴国际刑罚改革经验的基础上发挥出应有的作用,可以对其进行改造,增加社区服务和公益劳动的内容,并设立完善的管理监督机构。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[15]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(二)缓刑制度的改革问题</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">针对缓刑制度的改革问题,有学者认为,缓刑是我国刑法规定的一项刑罚适用制度,是对短期刑犯的一种救济措施,是整个社区矫正工作的基础与核心。我国目前适用缓刑的比率还太低。我国的缓刑只有暂缓执行一种方式,没有充分发挥缓刑的多种方式适用的作用与价值。此外,缓刑的适用条件、监督考察的内容,以及撤销缓刑的规定,都不同程度地存在问题。因此,改造缓刑首先应当借鉴国外缓刑制度的成熟办法,设置暂缓起诉制度、暂缓宣告制度。其次,将犯罪人“有悔罪表现,适用缓刑确实不致再危害社会”的实质条件,予以细化、明晰化,以便司法机关操作。第三,缓刑监督考察的内容,应当借鉴国外立法,将缓刑犯的行为规范区分为必要条件和裁量条件两部分,并且补充、完善其具体内容,以提高司法适用的灵活性,同时便于考察机关进行有效监督。第四,建议增加对缓刑犯管束的某些禁止性规定,如在一定条件下出入特定场所或与特定人员往来,以减少犯罪诱发因素,同时增设一些作为形式的义务性规范,如向被害人道歉、赔偿被害人因犯罪遭受的损失等。第五,缓刑本为避免自由刑的弊端而设计,故对撤销缓刑、恢复原判自由刑的执行应持慎重立场。为此,应当建立缓刑的“延长考验期”制度,通过警告、延长考验期等途径给违规者一个改正的机会。第六,扩大缓刑的适用范围,适当放宽缓刑条件中有期徒刑的上限标准。建议刑法将缓刑的适用对象规定为“被判拘役或者</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">5</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年以下有期徒刑的犯罪分子”。最后,必须将缓刑的执行主体由目前的公安机关改变为司法行政机关执行。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[16]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(三)假释制度的改革问题</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有论者认为,假释是社区矫正工作中与缓刑相并列的另一个基础与核心,是对长期徒刑罪犯的一种救济。我国的假释因适用机关的功利考虑与责任约束等影响,适用率很低。完善假释:一是完善假释的实质条件,将假释后“不致再危害社会”的用词去掉,将假释的实质性质条件予以细化。只要根据罪犯主客观情况能得出人身危险已经明显减弱、假释后继续危害社会的可能性极小的结论,在具备其他法定条件下,即可适用假释。二是修改假释的禁止性规定,建议修改《刑法》第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">81</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">条第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">款“对于累犯以及因杀人、爆炸、抢劫、强奸、绑架等暴力犯罪被判处</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">10</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年以上有期徒刑、无期徒刑的犯罪分子,不得假释”的规定,仍然保障这类罪犯的假释权,但可以规定更加严格的必须达到的监禁时间要求。三是适当缩短假释条件中实际执行的期限。四是增设法定假释制度,即罪犯服刑一定期限之后,如果未获得裁定假释,则应被依法假释。五是扩大假释的适用,逐渐减少减刑。六是强化对假释犯的管束,防止再犯率的增长,应当将假释执行主体由目前的公安机关改变为司法行政机关。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[17]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">我国现行刑事法律规定,假释决定权由监狱所在地的中级人民法院行使,监狱当局仅有假释建议权。许多学者主张改变现有的假释决定体制,设立专门的假释委员会。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[18]</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">如有的学者认为,假释决定权不属于审判权,因为假释并没有改变原判刑罚,仅改变了执行场所。现行的法院对假释的最终决定,实际上是以监狱提供的材料为唯一依据,通过法院书面审理的形式作出的,并未落实真正的审核要求。从大部分国家和地区的情况看,假释决定机构主要是各级假释委员会。我国的假释委员会应设置于司法部,同时在省级司法行政机关也设置各地方假释委员会。假释委员会要接受检察机关的法律监督,以防止假释过程中的腐败发生。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[19]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">还有学者提出,为了扩大假释的适用,在现行法律框架下可以尝试特殊的假释形式——试工、试读假释制度,补充普通假释制度适用上的局限。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[20]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(四)剥夺政治权利刑的相关改革</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有论者认为,目前在社区矫正工作实践中,“剥权”罪犯最不好管理也最不服从管理。由于我国《宪法》第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">45</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">条规定的政治权利比较政治化,有些内容实际上是人权和民事权利方面的权利,如出版权、担任国有企事业负责人等。因此,剥夺政治权利的内容需要从《宪法》上修改。同时“剥权”的内容不应当局限在政治权利,而应该与国外法律的规定相比较、借鉴,增加一些资格、名誉方面权利的限制与剥夺,如禁止驾驶、限制从事特定行业的经营、剥夺军衔、剥夺法人权利,以及其他可期待的权利获得等。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[21]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(五)关于罚金易科社区服务刑</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">近几年的研究中,不少学者提倡设立罚金易科自由刑制度。如有学者认为,为了避免易科自由刑的各种弊端,建议在我国刑法中增设社区服务刑以后,规定罚金可以易科社区服务刑。不能缴纳罚金的罪犯,可以通过从事无偿的社区劳动来折抵罚金。易科社区服务刑的期限,应该根据尚未执行的罚金数额来决定。原则上,易科的时日所创造的价值应该与未执行的罚金数额相当。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[22]</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">也有论者认为,考虑到我国的现实情况,罚金刑易科制度的实行也不宜操之过急,可以通过循序渐进的方式来实现,可以将罚金刑易科的对象先确定在未成年犯罪人的范围。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[23]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">七、社区矫正的监督机制</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">社区矫正中的监督机制是社区矫正制度的一个重要组成部分,加强检察机关对社区矫正的监督,是保证社区矫正公正适用和维护矫正对象合法权益的重要保障。关于社区矫正监督的具体内容,有论者认为,社区矫正过程中检察机关应从“前、中、后”实现三段式检察监督。首先,履行对监狱、审判的监督职能,加强矫正前监督。检察机关要加强审判监督及对矫正对象决定考验期出狱前的监督职能,纠正不符合条件被判处缓刑或予以假释等,防止借社区矫正之名,行权力滥用之实。其次,履行立案监督职能,加强矫正中监督。在矫正过程中,发现矫正对象长期脱管、漏管等情况,检察机关可向公安机关提出顺延执行期限的建议,也可以向矫正机构提出检察意见,建议矫正机构向公安机关提出延长执行报告意见;对矫正对象在矫正期间有违反社会治安管理法的行为及构成犯罪的,履行立案监督职能,建议、监督公安机关及矫正机构对其予以治安处罚或收监或追究其刑事责任。此外,矫正机构对矫正对象实行的司法奖惩有错误或与事实不符,可向矫正工作小组提出撤销奖惩的建议。最后,履行执行监督职能,加强矫正后监督。检察机关应检查并防止提前宣布、逾期宣布、不宣布及不向矫正对象发放期满证明书等违法行为,切实保障矫正对象的合法权益。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[24]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">八、有关社区矫正的其他问题</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(一)社区矫正与劳动教养</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">有学者认为,社区矫正与劳动教养制度的并存,会导致某些极不合理的现象,需要进行协调。首先,社区矫正要求法院大量适用管制、缓刑、剥夺政治权利等非监禁刑,这实际上将国家对相当一部分刑事犯罪的刑罚量降低了,原来判监禁刑的改为非监禁刑。与此同时,如果劳动教养保持原状,以往部分刑罚与劳动教养之间的不协调问题将更加凸显。其次,在社区矫正的规模得到大大扩张之后,它所占有的司法资源必定会成比例地增长,此时,如果仍旧保留现有的劳动教养制度,也有违经济效益原则。社区矫正的扩张,必然导致劳动教养的收缩乃至取消。可以考虑用立法手段把劳动教养的行为规定为轻罪,由人民法院判处,大量适用管制和缓刑,并增加一些适于社区服刑的刑种如社会服务令等非监禁刑。在时机成熟的情况下,通过立法将大部分乃至全部劳动教养的行为纳入社区矫正。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[25]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">(二)关于增设“社区服务刑”</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">由于社区服务刑在一些西方国家的流行以及其本身在矫正罪犯等方面的显著优点,一些学者提出了在我国社区矫正制度中增加社区服务刑的主张。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[26]</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">如有学者主张,考虑到我国刑法体系的历史和现状,我国宜将社区服务设为一个独立的刑种,规定在附加刑中。这样,既可独立适用,也可附加适用,以提高其适用的灵活性。同时,完善管制、缓刑、假释的执行内容,把从事一定时数的社区服务作为罪犯在管制、缓刑、假释期间的应尽义务。参照国外的立法经验,社区服务刑的适用对象应为罪行轻微、恶性不大的罪犯。具体包括三类:未成年犯、轻罪犯和过失犯。同时,参照多数国家的立法,社区服务的时数应控制在</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">60</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">小时至</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">240</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">小时之间,每天劳动时间不超过</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">4</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">小时,一般应在一年以内完成。在对罪犯适用社区服务刑时,一般应征得本人同意。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[27]</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">也有学者认为,将无偿性的劳动,特别是强制性的无偿劳动作为当下我国社区矫正内容的一部分缺乏充分的法律根据,应由立法机关通过立法设立社区服务刑来解决这一问题。</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[28]</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">①</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见刘强:《我国社区矫正试点中的管理体制弊大于利》,载《法学》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">9</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">②</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见杨凤宁、龚卫清:《社区矫正:我国刑罚发展的选择及建构》,载《犯罪研究》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">6</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">③</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见李恩慈:《论社区矫正的几个问题》,载《中国法学》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">4</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期;刘强:《社区矫正的法律问题》,载《政法论坛》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">3</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">④</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见郭建安、郑霞泽:《略论改革和完善我国的社区矫正制度》,载《法治论丛》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2003</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">3</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期;廖斌、何显兵著:《社区建设与犯罪防控》,人民法院出版社</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2003</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年版,第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">388</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">页。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑤</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见吴宗宪:《试论中国社区矫正制度的基本框架》,载《犯罪与改造研究》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">5</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑥</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见汤啸天:《社区矫正试点与矫正质量的提高》,载《当代法学》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">7</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑦</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见刘强:《社区矫正:借鉴与创新》,载《刑事法评论》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">14</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期,中国政法大学出版社</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年版,第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">360</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">页。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑧</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见郭建安:《社区矫正制度:改革与完善》,载《刑事法评论》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">14</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">卷,中国政法大学出版社</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年版,第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">322</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">—</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">323</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">页。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑨</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见狄小华:《关于社区矫正若干问题的思考》,载《犯罪与改造研究》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">6</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">⑩</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见蒋建宇:《社区矫正中适用累进处遇制的构想》,载《中国司法》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">8</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[11] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见王顺安、甄宏:《试论我国未成年犯社区矫正项目体系之建构》,载《青少年犯罪问题》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">1</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[12] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见徐立明、唐震:《略论社区矫正机制的建构》,载《法治论丛》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2003</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">5</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[13] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见王顺安:《社区矫正的立法建议》,载《人民司法》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[14] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见郭建安、郑霞泽主编:《社区矫正通论》,法律出版社</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年版,第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">350</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">—</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">354</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">页。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[15] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见王刚:《从国外社区服务看我国管制刑的改革》,载《杭州商学院学报》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[16] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见杨凤宁、龚卫清:《社区矫正:我国刑罚发展的选择及建构》,载《犯罪研究》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">6</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期;郭建安:《社区矫正制度:改革与完善》,载《刑事法评论》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">14</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">卷,中国政法大学出版社</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年版,第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">322</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">—</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">323</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">页。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[17] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见王顺安:《社区矫正的立法建议》,载《人民司法》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[18] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见郭建安、郑霞泽:《略论改革和完善我国的社区矫正制度》,载《法治论丛》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2003</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">3</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期;段金贤等:《社区矫正制度运行中存在的问题及其对策研究》,载《河南司法警官职业学院学报》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">1</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[19] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见王顺安:《社区矫正的立法建议》,载《人民司法》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[20] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见郭建安、郑霞泽主编:《社区矫正通论》,法律出版社</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年版,第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">417</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">—</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">418</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">页。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[21] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见杨凤宁等:《社区矫正:我国刑罚发展的选择及建构》,载《犯罪研究》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">6</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期;郭建安、郑霞泽主编:《社区矫正通论》,法律出版社</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年版,</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">439</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">—</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">442</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">页。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[22] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见郭建安、郑霞泽主编:《社区矫正通论》,法律出版社</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年版,第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">478</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">页。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[23] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见孟强:《将未成年犯罚金刑易科为社区服务的可行性》,载《江苏警官学院学报》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">5</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[24] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见陈义华、龚宜:《论检察机关在社区矫正工作中的地位及作用》,载《法治论丛》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">3</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[25] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见杨方泉:《社区矫正本土化若干问题的思考》,载《中山大学学报(社科版)》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[26] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见王刚:《关于我国刑罚中借鉴社区服务的立法思考》,载《中国刑事法杂志》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2003</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">6</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期;周国强:《国外社区服务刑述评及借鉴》,载《国家检察官学院学报》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">4</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[27] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见周国强:《国外社区服务刑述评及借鉴》,载《国家检察官学院学报》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2004</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">4</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">[28] </span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">参见翟中东、孙霞:《关于社区矫正的推进》,载《中国司法》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2005</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">4</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 20px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">作者简介:刘志伟系北师大刑科院教授、法学博士;周国良系北师大刑科院刑法专业博士研究生。</span></p><p style="PAGE-BREAK-AFTER: auto; TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; PAGE-BREAK-BEFORE: auto; LINE-HEIGHT: 3em; TEXT-INDENT: 0px; DIRECTION: ltr; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; VERTICAL-ALIGN: auto"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 20px"><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">文章来源:《中国监狱学刊》</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2007</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">年第</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: Times New Roman; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">2</span><span style="FONT-VARIANT: normal; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; COLOR: windowtext; FONT-SIZE: 21px; VERTICAL-ALIGN: baseline">期。</span></span></p><p>&nbsp;</p><p></p>